Low-ball technique. Now, the difference between the lowball technique and the foot-in-the-door technique is that the foot-in-the-door assumes that agreeing to a small request will. Low-ball technique

 
 Now, the difference between the lowball technique and the foot-in-the-door technique is that the foot-in-the-door assumes that agreeing to a small request willLow-ball technique  Low-balling is a technique designed to gain compliance by making a very attractive initial offer to induce a person to accept the offer and then making the terms less favorable

b. Jack knows this price is well over market value and then gives his lowball offer of $8,000. Understanding how it works and psychology behind it helps to counter it faster. By putting a ridiculously low offer on the table, you are essentially inviting your opponent to. Social loafing is the tendency to _____. logos. In all three of theSolutions Available. Bait-and-Switch technique 4. The university then announces a few days later that they decided to drop tuition by $500. Allegedly used to some extent in the automobile industry, it has drawn criticism as an unethical and characteristically deceptive practice. Lowball glass, a short drinking glass typically used for. in pharmacotherapy, see adherence. These discounts are but mere baits to lure the fish. a procedure for. The lowball technique. 2. The Lowball Technique: A Walkthrough. With lowballing, a small favor is asked and committed to. , T/F: Research in social cognition has more or less suggested that evaluation is part of perception. What is the low ball technique and does it work?. Six "principles of persuasion" make us more likely to say yes, expert says. Shakira is a victim of the a. Your friend Victor gives you a bottle of red wine for your birthday and tells you that only 100 bottles of the wine exists in the world. actor-observer bias b. After a couple orally agrees to purchase an appliance at a special price, the salesman tells them he misquoted the price, indicating it was only available for an out-of-stock model with fewer options. The lowball technique is an aggressive negotiations strategy used by buyers trying to purchase a home in order for them to get the seller to give them a good price. Find examples and compare them with other techniques for getting compliance. Misen 10-Inch Original Nonstick Frying Pan: Just shy of its all-time low price, this pan. What best explains what just happened?83. the foot-in-the-door technique. A social influence technique in which a first, small request is used as a set-up for later requests is known as _____. , people who are processing persuasive messages via the central route tend to rely on service cues such a source attractiveness and the reactions of others. Amanda found herself drawn in to the story, and related to many of its elements. It is the same when we see a ball flying very low, we can’t help but reach out to catch the ball. The bait-and-switch d. Unfortunately, this human behavior can be. Asking for Feedback Through Video Testimonials on WatchThemLive. Attracting potential customers with “good deals”, and then informing them the “bad terms” after having the customers’ promises is called “low-ball-technique” in psychology. What is the relationship between the PFC and the effectiveness of the sequential request tactics of social influence? There are three classical techniques that have received the most attention in social psychology research: the foot-in-the-door (FITD; Freedman & Fraser, 1966), the door-in-the-face (DITF; Cialdini et al. b. The pique technique b. Low-ball technique. This is the technique often seen in car sales when the salesperson quotes a. Low-ball technique (widely used in car sales) agree to a price, and then they add an extra tax on. The low-ball technique does NOT appear to actually be effective in influencing people or changing their behavior. CONs. It can also be used to evade taxes, mislead, or influence others. Birthday party SCAM - low ball technique #shortsc. (1978) studies, the same ex-A student wanted to be granted an extension for her term paper. The Low-Ball Technique is a technique used in sales and other styles of persuasion to offer products or services at a bargain price in order to first attract a buyer, but then adds on additional expenses to make the purchase less of a bargain than originally thought. (1978) studies, the same ex-The Low-ball technique is a 'sequential request'. High motivation and ability to think about the message are associated with temporary attitude change. This is another two-step technique, in which a person first commits to something, and then hidden costs are revealed, which increase the overall stakes of that commitment. Or maybe the seller inherited the property and wants to avoid the hassle of maintenance. Four walls technique. The success of the low-ball technique is attributed to principle of commitment because once an individual commits to one request, they are more likely to commit to a similar request even if the details are altered. Less attractive; more attractive 2 In the original Milgram experiment on obedience to authority very few “teachers” administered shocks at the 450 volt level. The low-ball technique is a compliance strategy which is used to persuade a person to agree to a request. The low-ball technique. B) people see what they've chosen more positively and are reluctant to relinquish it. The highball/lowball tactic is one of the oldest hardball moves in the book. a procedure for. D) how role playing comes to shape one's self-identity. Based on commitment. self-serving bias c. Which of the following is an example? civil rights legislation. Such a shift in the attitude of a group best illustrates. To catch a potential customer’s attention, these companies have eye-catching discounts that they offer. This is also known as the “foot-in-the-door technique”. In the lead-up to the announcements of the 72nd Miss Universe in El Salvador last Sunday, November 19, 2023, the hosting country unfortunately made a. asking for a small commitment and, after gaining compliance, ask for a bigger commitment. Low-ball is used in a single transaction, for example in the direct conversation between a customer and a sales person. foot-in-the-door technique lowball technique central route persuasion peripheral route persuasion. University of Notre DameJohn A. bir foot-in-the-door technique varyasyonu olup en güzel örneklerinden biri şu entry'de incelenmiştir: (bkz: #6789243 ). Hit With Your Whole Body. Low ball technique. The labeling technique c. See also door-in-the-face technique. -effort justification strategy. the that's-not-all technique C. , ,low-ball technique. Results demonstrate the superiority of the. A process and outcome analysis of thermal biofeedback and cognitive coping with pediatric migraineurs: Dissertation Abstracts International. Three experiments with 195 undergraduates examined the mediating process involved in the low-ball procedure for increasing compliance. The foot-in-the-door (FITD) technique is not new. 낮은 공 기법(low-ball technique): 어떤 하기 싫은 일에 대한 요구를 불명료하게 하여 응락을 받은 후 그 요구의 내용을 분명히 하면, 처음부터 그 요구를 명확히 하여 요구하는 것보다 응락을 얻을 가능성이 높아진다. Symbolic Social Influence. Complete Online Course - 10% discount - DOORSTEPTUTOR10OFF Postal Course - Low Ball Technique is a persuasive tactic used to influence someone to agree to a request or purchase by initially offering a low cost or attractive deal, and then later increasing the cost or changing the terms of the offer. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright. Studies have shown that this approach is more successful than when the less favorable request is made directly. The W’s handling technique is used to catch shots struck at head height, as well as crosses in the air. that’s-not-all technique B. 낮게 날아오는 공 기법 (low ball technique) 전형적인 거짓말은 하지 않는다 기법. the door-in-the-face technique. Answer: C) low-ball technique. ”. , 1978) technique. Low Ball Technique persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the productThe Low-Ball Technique; The Door-in-the-Face Technique as a Compliance Strategy; As this social norm is universally-recognized, we feel obliged to reciprocate acts of goodwill. The lowball technique is an aggressive negotiations strategy used by buyers trying to purchase a home in order for them to get the seller to give them a good price. Emilio saw a wonderful all-in-one kitchen appliance for sale on TV. Research the industry average. 진실을 전부 말하지는 않고 일부를 숨김으로써 승낙을 얻어낸 후, 말했더라면 거절했을 가능성이 높은 정보를 뒤늦게 공개하더라도 이에 반발하여 승낙을 철회하는 사람들이 많지. ,2022年3月4日 — The low-balling technique is a persuasion tactic in which an item is initially offered at a lower. successfully dem­ onstrated the effectiveness of the low-ball procedure, a close examination of their ex­ periments suggests an alternative interpre­ tation of their findings. Before the deal is completed, the salesperson claims to have discovered a mistake and tells the customer that the sale can go ahead only at a much higher. A negotiation then ensues and Jack and the salesperson eventually agree on a price of $9,800 for the car. a) the effects of compliance b) the low-ball technique c) an informational social influence d) the influence of group pressure to conform. A preconceived opinion or attitude about a person or group is known as. It appears that the saleswoman has effectively used which of the following? the foot-in-the-door technique the door-in-the-face technique the low-ball technique the that's-not-all technique. With the next move, sold an old laptop above its value and for 76 Euros moved from an old 2010 clunker running Vista to a sleek All In One touch screen quad-core 64-bit Windows 10 with remote. C. Low-Ball เทคนิคที่ทำให้ คนเราตอบตกลงต่อเนื่อง โดยปริยาย | THE BRIEFCASE หลายคนอาจจะเคยรู้จักเทคนิคที่ช่วยให้คนตอบตกลง เรียกว่า Door in the face ที่เริ่มต้นจากการ. Researches in this paradigm. Trên đây là thông tin giúp bạn hiểu rõ hơn về Thuật ngữ Low ball technique. State whether the two variables appear to be correlated, and if so, state whether the correlation is positive, negative, strong, or weak. ANSWER: b 105. It works by ensuring that an individual buys into a sale at a lower cost, before the price of a. compliance to a costly request is gained by first getting compliance to an attractive, less costly request but then reneging on it. . Lowball Technique. Once you're hooked, you're more likely to pay up, research shows. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Behavior initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _____. A tactic for getting people to agree to something. c. Select one: a. Abstract. With foot-in-the-door, a small favor is asked and committed to. One technique used for seeking compliance from others involves making a small request first, then making a larger request that is actually desired after compliance with the smaller request has been obtained. Emergency is being observed by other people. Foot-in-the-Door Explained. In all three studies, a requester who induced subjects to make aninitial decision to perform a target behavior and who then made. There are 4 main types of persuasion. önce küçük bir iyilik, ardından büyük bir iyilik isteyerek söz konusu büyük iyilik talebinin kişi tarafından kabul edilme olasılığını artırma tekniğidir. arrow right. Conformity. similarity and expertise. The low-ball technique is used to gain compliance as a person is led to accept performing a target behaviour without knowing the real cost of the request (Joule, 1987). Foot-in-the-door technique. The low ball technique is a persuasive tactic that is frequently used, directly or indirectly, in selling a variety of products. 1. Salespeople try to prevent customers from canceling their purchases by. Donald believes himself to be a patriotic citizen, but he also does not believe in attacking countries that are technologically no match for the United States. For example, dissonance may occur when we realize that we have, with little justification, acted contrary to our attitudes or made a decision favoring one alternative despite reasons favoring another. Skills Practiced. A two-step compliance strategy in which the influencer secures agreement with a request by understating its true cost. d. the foot-in-the-door technique B. Answers: A. Influence: The Psychology of Persuasion by Robert B. Later they come up with an excuse to create a more extensive request. I like it! 1 C! Door-in-the-face technique: Foot-in-the-door technique: Persuasion Techniques:lowball technique. com để tra cứu thông tin các thuật ngữ chuyên ngành tiếng Anh1: Highball/Lowball. The low-ball technique on the other hand is the method where the probability of availing something at a current given price increases the chances of availing it at a higher price. Jack has agreed to purchase a new car for $18,000. A) the foot-in-the-door technique . tency in the effectiveness of the third sequential request technique—low-ball. , The principle of influence called scarcity describes situations in which _____. cerning the reliability of low-ball procedures in enhancing compliance, a small field study was conducted. social influence techniques (Freedman and Fraser 1966), followed by the door-in-the-face technique (Cialdini et al. - Door in the Face Technique. Thus the answer is -- D) the lowball technique . door-in-the-face d. When successful, the tactic results in more compliance than a condition in which people are presented only with the higher price. The number of people who maintain their first decision is larger than the number in the condition in which the real cost of the request is stated prior to the initial compliance. The Low-Ball Technique is a technique used in sales and other styles of persuasion to offer products or services at a bargain price in order to first attract a buyer, but then adds on additional expenses to make the purchase less of a bargain than originally thought. compulsion delusion Ос. d. Use websites. This. Compliance to a planned second request with additional benefits is gained by presenting this request before a response can be made to a first request. Yes. In the first experimental study carried out on the low-ball technique, Cialdini et al. . This baseball card is extremely rare and is in pristine condition. The technique involves offering a deal or price that seems too good to refuse, only to later increase the cost of the deal after securing the commitment of the buyer. The Low-Ball Technique The Door-in-the-Face Technique as a Compliance Strategy Ingratiation can be planned (e. That’s not all Description When offering or conceding something to somebody, rather than give it to them as a final item, give it in incremental pieces. Nevertheless, we often do not pull back. The low-ball refers to a compliance technique in which a demand of someone to agree to a request is followed by telling the person the real cost of the request. A common lowball technique is to price certain items extremely low. The low-ball technique operates, at least partially, on the principle of ____. It. the door-in-the-face technique. B) how behavior shapes attitudes. Psychology questions and answers. Sometimes situations turn out to be much worse than we initially thought. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. door-in. -foot-in-the-door technique. Strategies that are used in order to persuade individuals to comply with the demands of others. and more. Theory that we react against threats to our freedoms by reasserting those freedoms, often by doing the opposite of what we a being pressured to do. Low-ball technique. Influence technique based on commitment, in which one starts with a small request in order to gain eventual compliance with a larger request. Foot-in-the-door, door-in-the-face, low-balling. low-ball technique. Even if you’re house-hunting in a seller’s market. In social psychology, this approach to persuasion is known as ____. In all 3 studies, a requester who induced Ss to. and Pascual A. C) ingratiation. otherwise known as the door-in-the-face technique , a salesman will typically ensure that an agreement ensuring compliance is signed and sealed before revealing the true cost of the service. similarity and expertise. The lure technique consists of leading a person to make a decision so that he thinks he is obtaining an advantage, then, once the. Large; small C. door-in-the-face technique c. What Are the Foot in The Door Technique Examples. A technique for eliciting *compliance that is most often used in commercial transactions. As soon as more than one buyer is competing for a property, the negotiating power of a seller increases exponentially. A classic example of low-balling is when a car dealership lists a car for $14,000 to get you to agree to buy it and later changes the price to $16,000. This result illustrates _____. Examined the low-ball technique, a tactic often used by automobile sales dealers to produce compliance from customers, in a set of 3 experiments. lowball technique d. This result illustrates _____. Three examples of the low ball technique in persuasion. The low-ball technique relies on our desire to be seen as favorable in the eyes of others. (1988). Đây là thông tin Thuật ngữ Low ball technique theo chủ đề được cập nhập mới nhất năm 2023. Keywords:low-ball; compliance; persuasion; commitment; self-presentation One tactic often used by salespeople, recruiters and the like to increasecomplianceis knownas“throwing the low-ball” or more simply, the low-ball technique (Cialdini, Cacioppo, Bassett,&Miller, 1978). Learn how it works, why it works, and see examples of this technique in different scenarios. Contents. lowball: [verb] to give (a customer) a deceptively low price or cost estimate. low-ball technique to pledge $50. So, for example, if a house is listed at £350,000, offers between £315,000 and £297,500 (or lower, of course) may be considered to fall into this definition. otherwise known as the door-in-the-face technique , a salesman will typically ensure that an agreement ensuring compliance is signed and sealed before revealing the true cost of the service. 1,000. Perfect your Forehand. A professor wants to reduce the likelihood of students doing social loafing, one thing she can do is. Manuel has used the door-in-the-face technique to his advantage. A persuasion strategy in which one person quotes another person a low price to get an initial agreement and then raises the price. low-ball technique. 2 By sellers; 1. , the target of compliance) to make a commitment to a particular course of action. The number of people who maintain their first decision is larger than the number in the condition in which the real cost of the request is stated prior to the initial compliance. 3. four ways to gain compliance. Although Cialdini et al. 8. Which of the following compliance techniques involves gaining compliance to a much larger request by preceding it with a much smaller request? A. The foot-in-the-door compliance procedure: A multiple-process analysis and review. An apartment manager lists a "luxury penthouse" in the newspaper for an astoundingly low price, even though he has no such units available. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like obedience is. See disrupt-then-reframe technique; door-in-the-face technique; foot-in-the-door technique; low-ball technique; that’s-not-all technique. Low-ball technique. having the customer fill out the sales agreement. the door-in-the-face technique. Question 20 Nalini thought she was a victim of the low-ball technique because, after she decided to purchase an automobile from a particular dealer, the dealer discovered an "error" in the price calculations, making the car more expensive. a procedure for enhancing compliance by first obtaining agreement to a request and then revealing the hidden costs of this request. Studies have shown. informational social. Low-balling, or the low-balling technique, is a compliance tactic used in many fields of marketing. Low-ball is used in a single transaction, for example in the direct conversation between a customer and a sales person. Lowballing is a strategy to increase compliance. Low-balling is a technique designed to gain compliance by making a very attractive initial offer to induce a person to accept the offer and then making the terms less favorable. A. Compared the efficiency of 2 compliance without pressure techniques: the foot-in-the-door technique by J. Cialdini et al (see record 1979-13366-001). Telling the most interesting phycology lessons! 😊Story📜In this captivating video, dive into the fascinating world of persuasion as we unveil the secrets of. High motivation and low ability to reflect on the message are associated with more permanent attitude change. Group of answer choices scarcity rule, commitment rule classical conditioning, reciprocity norm. Freedman and S. Guéguen N. , 1978) is a compliance-gaining technique consisting of making an attractive initial offer to get a person to agree to the request and then making the. door-in-the-face b. -lowball technique. The Low-Ball Technique. The goal of the Low Ball Technique is to create a sense of commitment or obligation in the person, making it more difficult for them to. C. People who agree to an initial request will often still comply when the requester ups the ante. hallucination Ob. The timing of the stages is the same. People who receive only the costly request are less likely to comply with it. Reactance theory. a procedure for enhancing compliance by first obtaining agreement to a request and then revealing the hidden costs of this request. Lowball can refer to: Low-ball, a persuasion, negotiation, and selling technique. low-ball technique D. What is Reciprocity? Reciprocity is a social norm that rewards good deeds by responding to one good deed with another good deed,. 1. foot-in-the-door technique. d. The low-ball refers to a compliance technique in which a demand of someone to agree to a request is followed by telling the person the real cost of the request. a. Low-balling is a technique designed to gain compliance by making a very attractive initial offer to induce a person to accept the offer and then making the terms less favorable. Changes in behaviour that are elicited by direct requests. Thank you. Even though this sales technique involves direct manipulation, it still works because of the psychology of the commitment nature of. Then, reveal a. steryotype. Once you're hooked, you're more likely to pay up, research shows. BEFORE completion of the small favor, a second larger favor is asked. Then, before finalising the agreement, the person will then change the offer. Ask a Trojan Question #3. Maybe the seller is in a tight spot financially and really needs to sell their property fast. The lowball technique is a negotiating tactic in which you make an initial offer significantly lower than the desired outcome. ,The low-ball is a persuasion, negotiation, and selling technique. After she has committed to buying the car, the salesperson points out that adding a stereo, an air. A person using the technique will present an attractive offer at first. D Question 45 2 pts nts The technique is based on commitment and consistency while the technique is based on reciprocity. Low ball technique. 3 By taxpayers. The low-ball technique is also a fairly effective method when taking commercial purposes into account. Learn how to use it in sales, business, or personal interactions, and how to observe it in other walks of life. A two step compliance strategy in which the influencer secures agreement with a request by understanding its true cost. tendency toward needing to appear consistent is one factor that contributes to the success of the _____ compliance techniques. Understanding how it works and psychology behind it helps to counter it faster. o most powerful when people believe that they agreed to the initial request by their own free will. reciprocity norm. -Social influence. Social influence resulting from the mental representation of others or our relationship with them. low-ball technique- Meanings, synonyms translation & types from Arabic Ontology, a search engine for the Arabic Ontology and 100s of Arabic dictionaries for concepts, meanings, synonyms, translation in Arabic English French, and for Semantic and linguistic relations, semantic fields, morphology and derivations. This is the technique often seen in car sales when the salesperson quotes a. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Behavior initiated or changed in response to a request, as opposed to a command or direct order, is an example of _______. Unmotivated Buyer. Compliance with the target request is greater following the initial. State whether the two variables appear to be correlated, and if so, state whether the correlation is positive, negative, strong, or weak. 1. C) the assimilation principle makes other choices less attractive. door-in-the-face technique. 3. lowball technique n. b. It was first demonstrated by Robert Cialdini and colleagues in the 1970s. The following are illustrative examples. B) the lowball procedure . It was introduced and named in 1966 by the US social psychologists Jonathan L. The "learner" in Milgrams study. a. Researcher Paul Ekman and his colleagues have suggested. About us. 1975), the lowball technique (Burger and Petty 1981), and most recently the disrupt-then-reframe technique (Davis and Knowles 1999; Fennis, Das, and Pruyn 2004, 2006; Kardes et al. the low-ball procedure beyond that found with the foot-in-the-door technique. Similarly, the low-ball technique ( Cialdini, Cacioppo, Bassett, & Miller, 1978 ) was examined and it was also reported that this technique failed to increase compliance with costly requests such as responding to a very long survey ( Katzev & Brownstein, 1988 ) or ac-Whatsuper Goalkeepers! We're going to work on the low ball technique and what keepers should be doing to make sure that every low ball shot is handled in the. While the low-ball technique was generally successful in inducing compliance, the strongest effect was noticed among people with a high preference for consistency. -lowball technique. A number of studies have shown that the low-ball technique is more effective for gaining compliance than the traditional foot-in-the-door technique (Cialdini 8 GUE´GUEN AND PASCUAL et al. "Lowball" means: To give (a customer) a deceptively low price or cost estimate that one has no intention of honoring or to prepare a cost estimate deliberately and misleadingly low. -door-in-the-face technique. Click the card to flip 👆. the low-ball procedure beyond that found with the foot-in-the-door technique. - "That's not all" Technique. o Obtaining public commitment is also crucial- people are especially resistant to change when others hear them agree to a deal. 低球技术. Thus, for example, you can: Offer a discount in. Andrew M. door-in-the-face technique. Pique technique involved, "Can you spare $. Unfortunately, this human behavior can be. a. the that's-not-all technique C. Kelly is collecting money for the March of Dimes by going door-to-door in her neighborhood. The low-ball technique, Research suggests that there are two main things that make a source credible: Select one: a. Many set the figure at 10% to 15% below the listing price or lower. The door-in-the-face technique is a compliance method. You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: Every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive. In this technique, customers are attracted to purchase an item for a discount at the cost of or at the purchase of other items. Here is how the phenomenon works. The foot in the door technique is a sales approach and consumer based psychology that tries to persuade hesitant consumers. consistency. These two techniques enable one to increase the probability that subjects will agree to accomplish a given request, in the absence of any obvious source of. the that's-not-all techniquelow-ball technique. c. puts them into groups where they earn an individual grade and a group grade. low-ball technique Tension that arises when one is simultaneously aware of two inconsistent cognitions. A person using the technique will present an attractive offer at first. low-ball technique c. A. Name three specific compliance techniques. Groupthink. , advertising). The low-ball refers to a compliance technique in which a demand of someone to agree to a request is followed by telling the person the real cost of the request. Serve Deep to Your Opponent’s Backhand. Attitude. the foot-in-the-door technique 27. Influence technique based on commitment, in which one starts with a small request to gain eventual compliance with a larger request Low-Ball Technique Influence technique based on commitment, in which one first gets a person to comply with a seemingly low-cost request and only later reveals hidden additional costs(4) low-ball technique: 指當你對事情已經做了某些決定後,對方才更改原本的條件。例如,你想要買一台電腦,也和老闆談好價格和配備了,老闆也答應這個價格了,因此你「決定」要買之後,老闆卻才說:「不好意思,xxx這種螢幕沒了,換另一種給你不好?The low-ball technique is a tried and tested persuasion strategy that has been used by businesses, salespeople, and politicians for many years. foot-in-the-door . The lowball technique consists of four steps to obtain an attractive offer that the target is likely to accept. . 人总是对目标行为有所准备。 例如,购买汽车,帮助某人,已经决定购买某型汽车。 接下来才获知,目标行为的蕴含成本高于预期(例如,短期涨价,花费时间Salespeople who employ the low-ball technique are taking advantage of the implications of . The term ____ refers to an influence. Both the order and the timing of the stages are the same for everyone. e. Holiday Scam - Low ball technique 😭 #shorts #iafkshortsLow Ball Technique (Elini ver kolunu kaptır tekniği) :) İletişim insanların birbirlerini etkileme ve birbirlerinden etkilenme yoludur (Krauss ve Fussell, 1996: 655). Overview: Low Ball. Practitioners of the low-ball compliance procedure allow individuals to agree to a request and then raise the cost of agreement slightly. committing to the small requests. the door-in-the-face technique. Danny is using the door in the face On foot in the door low ball technique A false belief that is held despite obvious evidence to the contrary is called a a. low-ball technique to pledge $50.